Indwara Zisanzwe Zinyanya nuburyo bwo kuvura

Inyanyani imboga zizwi ariko zishobora kwandura indwara zitandukanye. Gusobanukirwa n'izi ndwara no gufata ingamba zifatika zo kugenzura ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu gutuma inyanya zikura neza. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasobanura mu buryo burambuye indwara zisanzwe zinyanya nuburyo bwo kugenzura, tunasobanura amagambo ya tekiniki ajyanye nayo.

Ikibanza cya bagiteri

Umwanya wa bagiteri y'inyanyabiterwa na bagiteriXanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoriakandi cyane cyane yibibabi n'imbuto. Mugihe cyambere cyindwara, uduce duto twamazi tugaragara kumababi. Iyo indwara igenda itera imbere, ibibara bigenda bihinduka umukara hanyuma halo ikabyara umuhondo. Mu bihe bikomeye, amababi azuma kandi agwe, kandi ibibara byirabura bizagaragara hejuru yimbuto, biganisha ku mbuto kandi bigira ingaruka ku musaruro no ku bwiza.

Inzira yo kohereza:
Indwara ikwirakwizwa n'imvura, amazi yo kuhira, umuyaga n'udukoko, ariko kandi n'ibikoresho byanduye n'ibikorwa bya muntu. Indwara ya patogene ikonjesha mubisigisigi byindwara nubutaka kandi igahindura ibimera mugihe cyizuba igihe ibintu bimeze neza.

Ikibanza cya bagiteri

Basabwe Ibikoresho bya farumasi nuburyo bwo kuvura:

Fungiside ishingiye ku muringa: urugero, hydroxide y'umuringa cyangwa umuti wa Bordeaux, utera buri minsi 7-10. Gutegura umuringa bifite akamaro mukubuza kubyara no gukwirakwiza za bagiteri.
Streptomycine: Koresha buri minsi 10, cyane cyane mugihe cyambere cyindwara, Streptomycine ibuza ibikorwa bya bagiteri kandi idindiza iterambere ryindwara.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria ni bagiteri itera ibishishwa byinyanya na pisine. Ikwirakwizwa no kugwa kw'imvura cyangwa kwanduza imashini kandi ikangiza amababi n'imbuto by'igihingwa bigatuma ahantu h'amazi hagenda hahinduka umukara kandi mu bihe bikomeye bigatuma amababi akuma kandi akagwa.

Imizi y'inyanya

Imizi y'inyanya iboraiterwa nubutaka butandukanye bwubutaka, nka Fusarium spp. na Pythium spp. kandi ahanini yanduza imizi. Intangiriro yindwara, imizi yerekana kubora kwamazi, gahoro gahoro gahinduka ibara ryijimye cyangwa umukara, hanyuma amaherezo ya sisitemu yose ibora. Ibimera byindwara byerekana imikurire idahagaze, umuhondo no guhindagurika kwamababi, amaherezo biganisha ku rupfu rwibimera.

Inzira zohereza:
Izi virusi zikwirakwizwa mu butaka n’amazi yo kuhira kandi zihitamo kugwira mu butumburuke bwinshi n’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Ubutaka bwanduye n'amasoko y'amazi nuburyo bwambere bwo kwanduza, kandi indwara ziterwa na virusi zirashobora gukwirakwizwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho, imbuto n’ibisigazwa by’ibimera.

Imizi y'inyanya

Basabwe ibikoresho bya farumasi na gahunda yo kuvura:

Metalaxyl: Koresha buri minsi 10, cyane cyane mugihe cyindwara nyinshi.Metalaxyl igira ingaruka nziza kubora imizi iterwa na Pythium spp.

Metalaxyl

Carbendazim: Ifite akamaro kurwanya ibihumyo bitandukanye byubutaka, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mugutunganya ubutaka mbere yo kuyitera cyangwa kuyitera mugitangira cyindwara.Carbendazim ifite ingaruka nini ya fungicidal, kandi ifite akamaro mukurwanya ububi bwumuzi buterwa Fusarium spp.

Carbendazim

Fusarium spp.

Fusarium spp. bivuga itsinda ry'ibihumyo mu bwoko bwa Fusarium bitera indwara zitandukanye z'ibimera, harimo umuzi w'inyanya no kubora. Zikwirakwira mu butaka no mu mazi, zanduza imizi n’ibiti fatizo by’igihingwa, bikaviramo guhinduka no kubora ingirangingo, kwangirika kw'igihingwa, ndetse no gupfa.

Pythium spp.

Pythium spp. bivuga itsinda ryibibumbano byamazi mubwoko bwa Pythium, kandi izo virusi zisanzwe zikoroniza ibidukikije kandi bitose. Zitera umuzi winyanya kubora bivamo guhinduka no kubora imizi nibihingwa bihagaze cyangwa byapfuye.

Inyanya Icyatsi

Inyanya y'icyatsi kibisi iterwa na fungus Botrytis cinerea, iboneka cyane mubidukikije. Intangiriro yindwara, ibibanza byamazi bigaragara ku mbuto, ku giti no ku mababi, bigenda bitwikirwa buhoro buhoro. Mu bihe bikomeye, imbuto zirabora zikagwa, kandi ibiti n'amababi bihinduka umukara bikabora.

Inzira yo kohereza:
Agahumyo gakwirakwizwa n'umuyaga, imvura, no guhura, kandi bigahitamo kubyara ahantu h'ubushuhe, hakonje. Agahumyo gatumba kumyanda yibihingwa kandi kigahindura igihingwa mugihe cyizuba mugihe ibintu bimeze neza.

Icyatsi kibisi

Basabwe Ibikoresho bya farumasi nuburyo bwo kuvura:

Carbendazim.
Iprodione: gutera buri minsi 7-10, bifite ingaruka nziza zo kugenzura kumyenda yumukara. Iprodione irashobora kugenzura neza iterambere ryindwara no kugabanya kubora kwimbuto.

Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis cinerea ni igihumyo gitera imvi kandi kigira ingaruka ku bimera bitandukanye. Iragwira vuba ahantu h'ubushuhe, ikora ibara ryumukara wanduye cyane cyane imbuto, indabyo, namababi, bigatuma imbuto zibora kandi bikangiza ubuzima bwibimera muri rusange.

Inyanya Icyatsi kibabi

Ikibabi cyinyanya kibabi giterwa na fungus Stemphylium solani. Intangiriro yindwara, ibibara bito byijimye-umukara bigaragara kumababi, inkombe yibiboneka iragaragara, igenda yiyongera buhoro buhoro, hagati yibibabi byumye, amaherezo bigatera kubura amababi. Mugihe gikabije, fotosintezeza yikimera irahagarikwa, imikurire irahagarara, kandi umusaruro ugabanuka.

Inzira yo kohereza:
Indwara ikwirakwizwa n'umuyaga, imvura no guhura kandi ihitamo kubyara ahantu h'ubushuhe kandi hashyushye. Indwara ya patogene ikonjesha imyanda nubutaka kandi igahindura ibimera mugihe cyizuba igihe ibintu bimeze neza.

Inyanya Icyatsi kibabi

Basabwe Ibikoresho bya farumasi nuburyo bwo kuvura:

Mancozeb: Koresha buri minsi 7-10 kugirango wirinde neza kandi uvure neza amababi yumukara.Mancozeb ni fungiside ikora cyane ibuza ikwirakwizwa ryindwara.

Thiophanate-methyl: Koresha buri minsi 10, hamwe ningaruka zikomeye za bagiteri. thiophanate-methyl igira ingaruka zikomeye kumababi yumukara, irashobora kugenzura neza iterambere ryindwara.

Thiophanate-Methyl

Stemphylium solani

Stemphylium solani ni igihumyo gitera ikibabi cyumukara ku nyanya. Agahumyo gakora ibibara byijimye-byijimye ku bibabi, bifite impande zitandukanye z’ibibabi, kandi bigenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro bigatuma amababi agwa, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye kuri fotosintezeza no gukura neza kwigihingwa.

Igiti cy'inyanya kiraboze

Kubora kw'inyanya biterwa na fungus Fusarium oxysporum, yanduza cyane uruti rw'uruti. Intangiriro yindwara, ibibara byijimye bigaragara munsi yuruti, bigenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro kandi bikabora, bikavamo umwijima no kuzunguruka munsi yuruti. Mu bihe bikomeye, igihingwa kiranyerera kandi kigapfa.

Inzira yo kohereza:
Indwara ya virusi ikwirakwizwa mu butaka n’amazi yo kuhira kandi ihitamo kubyara mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ubutaka bwanduye n'amasoko y'amazi nuburyo bwambere bwo kwanduza, kandi virusi ishobora no gukwirakwizwa nimbuto, ibikoresho n imyanda y ibihingwa.

Igiti cy'inyanya kiraboze

Basabwe ibikoresho bya farumasi na gahunda yo kuvura:

Metalaxyl: Koresha buri minsi 7-10, cyane cyane mugihe cyindwara nyinshi.Metalaxyl ifite akamaro kanini mukurwanya ibibyimba.
Carbendazim: Ifite akamaro kurwanya Fusarium oxysporum, cyane cyane mugihe cyambere cyindwara.

Fusarium oxysporum

Fusarium oxysporum ni igihumyo gitera inyanya kubora. Ikwirakwira mu butaka n'amazi kandi ikanduza imizi n'ibiti by'igiti, bigatuma ingirangingo zihinduka umukara kandi zikabora, kandi bigatera guhindagurika no gupfa kw'igihingwa.

Indwara y'inyanya

Ikibabi cy'inyanya giterwa na fungus Didymella lycopersici, yanduza cyane uruti. Intangiriro yindwara, ibara ryijimye ryijimye rigaragara kuruti, rugenda rwaguka buhoro buhoro bigatuma igiti cyuma. Mu bihe bikomeye, ibiti bivunika no gukura kw'ibimera birabangamiwe, amaherezo biganisha ku rupfu rw'ibimera.

Inzira yo kohereza:
Indwara ikwirakwizwa mu butaka, imyanda y'ibimera n'umuyaga n'imvura, ihitamo kubyara ahantu h'ubushuhe kandi bukonje. Indwara ya patogene ikonjesha imyanda irwaye kandi igarura ibimera mugihe cyizuba igihe ibintu bimeze neza.

Indwara y'inyanya

Basabwe Ibikoresho bya farumasi nuburyo bwo kuvura:

Thiophanate-methyl: gutera buri minsi 10 kugirango ugenzure neza indwara yibibyimba.Thiophanate-methyl ibuza ikwirakwizwa no kugwira kwindwara kandi bigabanya kwandura indwara.
Carbendazim: Ifite bagiteri nziza kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mugihe cyambere cyindwara. karbendazim igira ingaruka zikomeye kurwara kandi irashobora kugenzura neza iterambere ryindwara.

Didymella lycopersici

Didymella lycopersici ni fungus itera kurwara inyanya. Yanduza cyane cyane ibiti, bigatuma ibiti byijimye byijimye bigaragara ku giti hanyuma bikuma buhoro buhoro, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye ku gutwara amazi n’intungamubiri z’igihingwa, amaherezo bikaviramo gupfa.

Inyanya zitinze

Indwara ya tomato itinze iterwa na Phytophthora infestans kandi akenshi isohoka mubushuhe, ahantu hakonje. Indwara itangirana nicyatsi kibisi, cyamazi cyamababi, kiguka vuba bigatuma amababi yose apfa. Ibibanza bisa bigaragara ku mbuto kandi bigenda bibora.

Inzira yo kohereza:
Indwara ikwirakwizwa n'umuyaga, imvura no guhura, kandi ihitamo kubyara mubihe bitose, bikonje. Indwara ya patogene ikonjesha imyanda yibihingwa kandi igahindura igihingwa mugihe cyizuba mugihe ibintu bimeze neza.

Inyanya zitinze

Ibyifuzo bisabwa hamwe nuburyo bwo kuvura:

Metalaxyl: Koresha buri minsi 7-10 kugirango wirinde neza indwara itinda. metalaxyl ibuza ikwirakwizwa ry'indwara kandi igabanya ubwandu bw'indwara.
Dimethomorph: Koresha buri minsi 10 kugirango ugenzure neza indwara ya kirabiranya. dimethomorph irashobora kugenzura neza iterambere ryindwara no kugabanya kubora kwimbuto.

Phytophthora infestans

Indwara ya Phytophthora ni indwara itera indwara itinda ku nyanya n'ibirayi. Nuburyo bwamazi bukunda ibihe byiza kandi bikonje, bigatera ahantu hijimye hijimye, huzuye amazi kumababi n'imbuto bikwirakwira vuba kandi bigatera ibimera gupfa.

Ibibabi by'inyanya

Ifu yamababi yinyanya iterwa na fungus Cladosporium fulvum kandi iboneka cyane mubidukikije. Intangiriro yindwara, ibara ryatsi-icyatsi kiboneka inyuma yamababi, kandi imbere yibibabi hari ibibara byumuhondo. Iyo ndwara ikura, urwego rwibumba rugenda rwaguka buhoro buhoro, bigatuma amababi ahinduka umuhondo akagwa.

Inzira yo kohereza:
Indwara ikwirakwizwa n'umuyaga, imvura no guhura, kandi ihitamo kubyara ahantu h'ubushyuhe kandi hashyushye. Indwara ya patogene ikonjesha imyanda yibihingwa kandi igahindura igihingwa mugihe cyizuba mugihe ibintu bimeze neza.

Ibibabi by'inyanya

Basabwe Ibikoresho bya farumasi nuburyo bwo kuvura:

Chlorothalonil: Koresha buri minsi 7-10 kugirango ugenzure neza ibibabi bya Chlorothalonil ni fungiside yagutse ibuza ikwirakwizwa ryayo.
Thiophanate-methyl: Koresha buri minsi 10 kugirango ugenzure neza ibibabi. thiophanate-methyl ifite akamaro mukugenzura iterambere ryindwara no kugabanya gutakaza amababi.
Hifashishijwe uburyo bwa siyansi kandi bushyize mu gaciro hamwe ningamba zo gucunga, indwara zinyanya zirashobora kugenzurwa neza no gukumirwa kugirango habeho gukura neza kw ibihingwa byinyanya, kuzamura umusaruro nubwiza.

Cladosporium fulvum

Cladosporium fulvum ni igihumyo gitera amababi y'inyanya. Agahumyo kagwira vuba vuba mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe kandi kanduza amababi, bikavamo ibara ryatsi-icyatsi kibisi munsi y’ibabi n’ibara ry'umuhondo imbere y’ibabi, bigatuma amababi abura mu bihe bikomeye.