1. Igitekerezo cyindwara ziterwa
Indwara y'ibihingwa ni ibintu bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere isanzwe ya physiologique y'igihingwa kandi ikagaragaza ibintu bidasanzwe muri physiologiya no kugaragara bitewe no gukomeza kwivanga kw'ibinyabuzima bitera indwara cyangwa ibidukikije bibi, ubukana bwabyo bukaba burenze urugero igihingwa gishobora kwihanganira. Uku gutandukana kumiterere isanzwe yikimera niho habaho indwara. Ingaruka zindwara zibimera kumikorere yibimera bigaragarira cyane mubice birindwi bikurikira:
Gukuramo no kunyuza amazi namabuye y'agaciro: indwara zirashobora kubuza sisitemu yumuzi wibimera kwinjiza amazi namabuye y'agaciro, bikagira ingaruka kubitwara bisanzwe byamazi nintungamubiri.
Photosynthesis: indwara zishobora kugira ingaruka kumikorere ya fotosintetike yamababi yibihingwa kandi bikagabanya umusaruro wibicuruzwa bifotora.
Gutunga intungamubiri no gutwara: indwara zishobora kubangamira iyimurwa risanzwe no gutwara intungamubiri mu gihingwa.
Iterambere niterambere: indwara zishobora kubuza imikurire isanzwe niterambere ryibihingwa.
Gukusanya no kubika ibicuruzwa (umusaruro): indwara zirashobora kugabanya umusaruro wigihingwa kandi zikagira ingaruka mubukungu.
Gusya, hydrolysis no kongera gukoresha ibicuruzwa (ubuziranenge): Indwara zirashobora kugira ingaruka kumiterere yibicuruzwa byibimera, bigatuma bidafite agaciro kumasoko.
Guhumeka: indwara zishobora kongera guhumeka ibimera no kurya ibintu byinshi kama.
2. Ubwoko bw'indwara ziterwa
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwindwara zibimera nibintu bitandukanye bya etiologique bitera indwara zitandukanye. Indwara ziterwa n’ibimera zishobora gushyirwa mu ndwara zitera kandi zidatera bitewe n'ubwoko bw'impamvu.
Indwara zandura
Indwara zitera ziterwa na mikorobe zitera indwara, zishobora kwandura binyuze mu guhuza ibimera-ku bimera, udukoko, n’ibindi bice. Indwara nk'izi zirimo ibi bikurikira:
Indwara yibihumyo: indwara ziterwa nibihumyo, nk'ibara ry'inyanya. Indwara yibihumyo ikunze kurangwa na nérosose, kubora, na mildew kumubiri wibimera.
Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri: indwara ziterwa na bagiteri, nk'indwara ya bagiteri ya bagiteri. Indwara za bagiteri zikunze kurangwa n'ahantu h'amazi, kubora, no gusuka kw'ibibyimba.
Indwara za Nematode: indwara ziterwa na nematode, nk'indwara y'inyanya-ipfundo rya nematode. Indwara za Nematode zikunze kugaragara nkibishishwa kumizi, ibiti byimera, nibindi.
Indwara za virusi: indwara ziterwa na virusi, nk'inyanya y'umuhondo amababi ya curl virusi. Indwara za virusi zikunze kugaragara nkururabyo rwamababi, umwijima, nibindi.
Indwara ziterwa na parasitike: indwara ziterwa nibihingwa bya parasitike, nkindwara ya dodder. Indwara ziterwa na parasitike zikunze kurangwa nigihingwa cya parasitike cyizengurutse igihingwa cyakiriye kandi kinyunyuza intungamubiri zacyo.
Indwara zitandura
Indwara zidatera ziterwa n’ibidukikije bidukikije cyangwa ibibazo by’igihingwa ubwacyo. Indwara nk'izi zirimo ibi bikurikira:
Indwara zikomoka ku murage cyangwa ku mubiri: indwara ziterwa n'impamvu zishingiye ku ngirabuzimafatizo cyangwa inenge zavutse.
Indwara ziterwa no kwangirika kwibintu bifatika: Indwara ziterwa nibintu bifatika nkubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwikirere cyangwa buke, umuyaga, imvura, inkuba, urubura, nibindi.
Indwara ziterwa no kwangirika kwimiti yimiti: Indwara ziterwa no gutanga bikabije cyangwa bidahagije byifumbire mvaruganda, kwanduza ikirere nubutaka hamwe nuburozi, gukoresha nabi imiti yica udukoko n’imiti.
Inyandiko
Indwara zandura: indwara ziterwa na mikorobe itera indwara (nka fungi, bagiteri, virusi, nematode, ibimera bya parasitike, nibindi), byanduye.
Indwara zitandura: Indwara ziterwa n’ibidukikije bibi cyangwa ibibazo by’igihingwa ubwacyo, bitanduye.
3. Gupima indwara ziterwa
Nyuma y’indwara z’ibimera bibaye, ikintu cya mbere ugomba gukora ni ugufata neza neza igihingwa kirwaye, hagamijwe gutanga ingamba zikwiye zo kugenzura kugabanya igihombo cyatewe n’indwara z’ibimera.
Uburyo bwo gusuzuma
Uburyo bwo gusuzuma indwara yibimera muri rusange burimo:
Kumenya no gusobanura ibimenyetso byindwara ziterwa: Kurikirana no kwandika ibimenyetso byindwara byerekanwa nigihingwa.
Kubaza amateka yindwara no gusuzuma inyandiko zijyanye: kumenya amateka yindwara yikimera namakuru ajyanye.
Gutoranya no gusuzuma (microscopi no gutandukana): Kusanya ingero z'ibiti birwaye kugirango bisuzumwe na microscopique.
Kora ibizamini byihariye: Kora ibizamini byihariye, nko gusesengura imiti cyangwa ibizamini bya biologiya, nkuko bikenewe.
Fata imyanzuro ukoresheje kurandura intambwe ku yindi: menya icyateye indwara intambwe ku yindi.
Amategeko ya Koch.
Gupima indwara zitera no kumenya indwara ziterwa na virusi bigomba kugenzurwa no gukurikiza amategeko ya Koch, asobanurwa hepfo:
Kuba mikorobe itera indwara ikunze guherekeza igihingwa kirwaye.
Iyi mikorobe irashobora kwigunga no kwezwa kubitangazamakuru byitaruye cyangwa ibihimbano kugirango ibone umuco mwiza.
Umuco usukuye watewe ku gihingwa cyiza cyubwoko bumwe kandi indwara ifite ibimenyetso bimwe iragaragara.
Umuco usukuye uboneka mugukomeza kwitandukanya nigihingwa cyanduye cyanduye gifite imico imwe nki inoculum.
Niba ubu buryo bune bwo kumenyekanisha bwakozwe kandi hakaboneka ibimenyetso bifatika, mikorobe irashobora kwemezwa ko ari yo nyirabayazana.
Inyandiko
Amategeko ya Koch: ingingo enye zerekana ibimenyetso bitera indwara zasabwe n’umudage w’umudage witwa Koch, zikoreshwa mu kwerekana ko mikorobe ari yo itera indwara runaka.
Ingamba zo kurwanya indwara
Kurwanya indwara z’ibimera ni uguhindura isano iri hagati y’ibimera, indwara ziterwa n’ibidukikije binyuze mu gutabara kwabantu, kugabanya umubare w’indwara ziterwa na virusi, kugabanya intege nke zabyo, kubungabunga no kunoza indwara ziterwa n’ibimera, guhuza ibidukikije, kugira ngo bigere ku ntego yabyo kurwanya indwara.
Ingamba zuzuye zo kugenzura
Mu kurwanya ihuriweho, dukwiye gufata ingamba zo kugenzura ubuhinzi nkibanze, kandi mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro kandi bugashyira mu bikorwa ingamba za phytosanitarite, gukoresha imiti irwanya indwara, kurwanya ibinyabuzima, kugenzura umubiri no kurwanya imiti ukurikije igihe n’ahantu, kandi tukavura udukoko twinshi icyarimwe. . Izi ngamba zirimo:
Phytosanitarite: kwirinda ikwirakwizwa rya virusi n'imbuto, ingemwe, n'ibindi.
Gukoresha indwara zirwanya indwara: guhitamo no guteza imbere ubwoko bwihanganira indwara.
Kugenzura ibinyabuzima: gukoresha abanzi karemano cyangwa ibinyabuzima byingirakamaro muguhashya indwara.
Kugenzura umubiri: kurwanya indwara muburyo bwumubiri nko kugenzura ubushyuhe nubushuhe.
Kugenzura imiti: gukoresha neza imiti yica udukoko mu kurwanya indwara.
Binyuze mu gukoresha byimazeyo ingamba zo kugenzura, indwara irashobora kugenzurwa neza, bikagabanya igihombo cy’ibimera bitewe n’ibyorezo by’indwara.
Inyandiko
Phytosanitarite: Ingamba zo gukumira ikwirakwizwa rya virusi n'imbuto, ingemwe, n'ibindi, bigamije kurinda umutungo w’ibihingwa n’umutekano w’ubuhinzi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-28-2024
