Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya Glyphosate, Paraquat, na Glufosinate-amonium?

Glyphosate, Paraquat, na Glufosinate-ammonium ni ibyatsi bitatu byingenzi byica biocidal. Buriwese ufite ibimuranga nibyiza. Abahinzi hafi ya bose barashobora kuvuga bake muribo, ariko incamake kandi yuzuye incamake nincamake biracyari gake. Birakwiye kuvuga muri make kandi byoroshye gufata mu mutwe.

Glyphosate
Glyphosate ni organophosifore yo mu bwoko bwa sisitemu ikora ibintu byinshi, ibinyabuzima, ibinyabuzima byica ubumara buke. Irabuza cyane cyane synthase ya enolacetyl shikimate fosifate mu bimera, bityo ikabuza ihinduka rya shikidomin na fenylalanine na tirozine. Kandi ihinduka rya tryptophan, ibangamira synthesis ya proteine ​​kandi iganisha ku rupfu rwibimera. Glyphosate ifite uburyo bukomeye bwa sisitemu. Ntishobora kwinjizwa gusa no kwanduzwa mubice byubutaka binyuze mumuti namababi, ariko kandi irashobora kwanduzwa hagati yubuhinzi butandukanye bwikimera kimwe. Ifite ingaruka zikomeye zo kwica ku nyama zo mu kuzimu zimaze imyaka myinshi zashinze imizi kandi zishobora kugera ku burebure imashini zisanzwe z’ubuhinzi zidashobora kugera. Nyuma yo kwinjira mu butaka, ibiyobyabwenge bihuza vuba na fer, aluminium nibindi byuma bya ion bikabura ibikorwa. Ntabwo igira ingaruka mbi ku mbuto na mikorobe mu butaka kandi ifite umutekano ku banzi karemano n'ibinyabuzima bifite akamaro.
Glyphosate ikwiranye no guca mu busitani nka pome, amapera, na citrusi, hamwe nimboga za tuteri, imirima y ipamba, nta bigori-bigori, nta-guhinga imbuto zitaziguye, guhinga reberi, ubutaka butemba, kumihanda, nibindi birashobora kugenzura neza ibyatsi byatsi nibyumwaka, ibyatsi hamwe nicyatsi kinini. Kuri bimwe mu byatsi bibi birwanya cyane muri Liliaceae, Convolvulaceae na Leguminosae, gusa dosiye yiyongereye irashobora kugenzurwa neza.

Paraquat
Paraquat nigikorwa cyihuta-cyica-cyica ibyatsi bigira ingaruka zikomeye zangiza kumyatsi yicyatsi. Amababi y'ibyatsi azatangira kwangirika no guhinduka ibara nyuma y'amasaha 2-3 nyuma yo gukoreshwa. Umuti nta ngaruka zifatika ufite kandi ushobora kwangiza gusa aho washyizwe, ariko ntushobora kwangiza imizi yimbuto nimbuto zihishe mubutaka. Kubwibyo, urumamfu rusubirana nyuma yo gusaba. Ntushobora kwinjira mu kibabi. Numara guhura nubutaka, bizamenyeshwa kandi byoroshye. Paraquat irazwi cyane kubera ibyiza byayo nkingaruka zihuse, kurwanya isuri yimvura, hamwe nigiciro kinini. Nyamara, ni uburozi bukabije kandi bwangiza cyane abantu n'amatungo. Iyo bimaze kuroga, nta muti wihariye.

Glufosinate-amonium
1. Ifite ibintu byinshi byica ibyatsi. Ibyatsi bibi byinshi byumva Glufosinate-amonium. Muri nyakatsi harimo: ibyatsi byinka, bluegras, sedge, bermudagras, ibyatsi bya barnyard, ryegras, bentgrass, umuceri wumuceri, igiti cyihariye kidasanzwe, igikona, ibinyomoro byo mu gasozi, impumuro mbi, ibyatsi byibigori, ibyatsi byindabyo bitoshye, ibyatsi biguruka, amaranth yo mu gasozi, ibiti, ibyatsi bya lotus yuzuye (ibyatsi byimpinduramatwara), inkoko, isazi nto, nyirabukwe, ifarashi Amaranth, Brachiaria, Viola, umurima bindweed, Polygonum, isakoshi yumwungeri, chicory, plantain, ranunculus, umwuka wumwana, Senecio yu Burayi, nibindi.

2. Ibiranga ibikorwa byingenzi. Glufosinate-ammonium ntisaba imvura kumasaha 6 nyuma yo kuyitera kugirango irusheho gukora neza. Mubihe byumurima, kubera ko bishobora kwangizwa nubutaka bwa mikorobe, sisitemu yumuzi ntishobora kuyikuramo cyangwa kuyikuramo bike. Ibiti n'amababi Nyuma yo kuvurwa, amababi akura vuba phytotoxicity, bityo bikagabanya imiyoboro ya Glufosinate-amonium muri floem na xylem. Ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubuhehere bwinshi, hamwe n’umucyo mwinshi bitera kwinjiza Glufosinate-amonium kandi byongera ibikorwa cyane. Kwongeramo 5% (W / V) ammonium sulfate kumuti wa spray birashobora guteza imbere kwinjiza Glufosinate-amonium kandi bigatezimbere neza ibikorwa bya Glufosinate-amonium mugihe cy'ubushyuhe buke. Ubukangurambaga bwuruhererekane rwibimera kuri Glufosinate-ammonium bifitanye isano no kwinjiza imiti yica ibyatsi, bityo sulfate ya amonium igira ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza ibyatsi bibi kandi bitumva neza.

3. Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, Glufosinate-amonium yangirika vuba na mikorobe mu butaka, kandi kumera mu butaka bwinshi ntibirenza cm 15. Amazi yubutaka aboneka agira ingaruka kuri adsorption no kwangirika kwayo, hanyuma amaherezo akarekura dioxyde de carbone. Nta bisigara byagaragaye mugihe cyo gusarura imyaka kandi igice cyubuzima ni iminsi 3-7. Iminsi 32 nyuma yo kuvura uruti n’ibibabi, hafi 10% -20% y’ibicuruzwa n’ibicuruzwa byangiritse byagumye mu butaka, kandi mu minsi 295, urwego rw’ibisigara rwari hafi 0. Urebye umutekano w’ibidukikije, ubuzima bucye ndetse n’ubukene buke muri ubutaka butuma Glufosinate-amonium nayo ikwiranye no guca nyakatsi.

4. Amahirwe yagutse. Kubera ko Glufosinate-amonium ifite ibyatsi byinshi byangiza ibyatsi, ikangirika vuba mu bidukikije kandi ikaba ifite uburozi buke ku binyabuzima bidafite intego, ni ngombwa cyane kuyikoresha nk'imiti yica ibyatsi nyuma yo kuvuka mu murima w'ibihingwa. Ikoranabuhanga rya Bioengineering Ibi biratanga ibishoboka. Kugeza ubu, Glufosinate-ammonium iri ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma ya Glyphosate mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere ibihingwa byangiza imiti yangiza ibyatsi. Kugeza ubu, ibihingwa byahinduwe na Glufosinate-amonium birimo gufata ku ngufu, ibigori, soya, ipamba, beterave, umuceri, sayiri, Ingano, ingano, ibirayi, umuceri, n'ibindi. Nta gushidikanya ko Glufosinate-amonium ifite isoko rinini ry'ubucuruzi. Dukurikije andi makuru, Glufosinate-ammonium irashobora gukumira no kugenzura kwandura umuceri w’umuceri no kugabanya ubukoloni itanga. Ifite ibikorwa byinshi birwanya ibihumyo bitera uburibwe, sclerotinia na pythium wilt, kandi birashobora gukumira no kubivura icyarimwe. Ibyatsi bibi n'indwara yibihumyo mubihingwa bya Glufosinate-amonium transgenic. Gutera ibipimo bisanzwe bya Glufosinate-ammonium kumurima wa soya wa Glufosinate-ammonium-irwanya transgenic ya soya ifite ingaruka zimwe na zimwe zo kubuza bagiteri ya soya Pseudomonas infestans kandi irashobora kubuza cyangwa gutinda gukura kwa bagiteri. Kuberako Glufosinate-ammonium ifite ibiranga ibikorwa byinshi, kwinjizwa neza, kwaguka kwinshi kwa herbiside, uburozi buke, no guhuza ibidukikije neza, ni ikindi cyatsi cyiza nyuma ya Glyphosate.